Identity, and Its Fragmentation, in Nada - Literature Essay Samples

In Carmen Laforet’s Nada, the orphan Andrea arrives in Barcelona full of optimism about her new life in the city. Many critics claim that the novel is a ‘bildungsroman’, a coming-of-age story where the protagonist, an adolescent, matures into adulthood and finds her identity. However, surrounded by a family characterized by fragmentation in the decadence of post-war Spain, it is arguable that Andrea is unable to find a stable, secure identity and leaves the city with the same childish naivety with which she arrived. There is a sense of repression of true identity throughout the novel, which changes form as the plot develops. The book is split into three distinct parts, the first of which ends with the departure of Angustias to the convent. In this first part, it seemed as thought Andrea’s aunt was the main barrier separating her from the possibility of independence and maturity and also the force that inflicted feelings of anxiety and guilt onto herself. Although Andrea arrived in Barcelona hoping to lead the liberated life of a university student, as soon as she arrived at the Calle Aribau she met with a sort of prison, full of fragmented characters whose repressed desires and drives had driven them to darkness, violence and depravity. However, even after Angustias’ departure, Andrea finds that as long as she is in the calle de Aribau she will never able to find independence- she is allowed to have her aunt’s old room, but finds that not only does Romà ¡n often come in wit hout warning to rummage amongst the clutter that fills the room, but the bedroom itself sits in the middle of the house and from it Andrea cannot escape from all the goings-on around her, especially the disputes between Gloria and Juan. The expressionist, gothic descriptions of Aribau are often related to a sort of suffocation, implying that the true identities of the characters have been smothered and deformed: ‘en el piso un calor sofocante como si el aire estuviera estancado y podrido’[1]. This stands in stark contrast to the impressionist descriptions of the beach, the time spent at which is associated with light and nature- ‘Toda la semana parecà ­a alboreada por ellos†¦ me hizo ella ver un Nuevo sentido de la Naturaleza en el que ni siquiera habà ­a pensado’[2]. The traditional link between light and darkness, the natural and the gothic could be seen to translate to the stifling of any identity Andrea might have hoped to find during her time at Aribau, and that the possibility of developing a mature identity is only possible during the time spent without her family and, more significantly, with Ena. Furthermore, it is paradoxical that Andrea was specifically excited by the idea of coming to Barcelona, a buzzing and lively city, and yet it is mostly only when she leaves the city to go to the beach or the country that she feels most happy and liberated. Thus it is clear, both from the language of oppression and suffocation in the calle Aribau and the semantic fields of light and darkness that if Andrea has any hope of developing into a young woman and assuming the identity she so desperately desires, it cannot happen in the filthy, ghostliness of Aribau. Fragmentation of the self is very closely related to the notion of identity in Nada. Throughout the novel, right up until the closing pages, Andrea shows a distinct and crucial split between interior and exterior, a split that fundamentally stops her from achieving her longing to be an attractive, desired and mature woman. From the first meeting with Ena, she tries desperately to keep her two worlds apart; indeed, she is ashamed of her family at Aribau, especially after she sees the high-bourgeois life led by Ena in Và ­a Layetana. Andrea’s home represents a family in crisis after the upheaval and destruction of the Spanish Civil War, it lacks a male head of household and its family members are only just scraping together enough money to subsist, Juan as a poorly paid nightwatchman and Gloria by secretly gambling. On the other hand, Andrea’s family represents the model family of the new Francoist order who live a comfortable and liberal life as part of Spain’s n ew entrepreneurial elite[3]. Perhaps it is here, in the deep-seated social fragmentation of post-war Spain, where Andrea’s inability to act upon her dreams and desires finds its source. In her mind, Andrea wants to be the sophisticated woman that Ena embodies and Romà ¡n wants as a companion. For a while, she keeps up the faà §ade of being a refined young lady, ‘yo me daba cuenta de que à ©l me creà ­a una persona distinta; mucho mà ¡s formada, y tal vez mà ¡ inteligente’[4], but her feelings of inferiority and inadequacy show through and Romà ¡n soon labels her as a child. Although these feelings re-surface numerous times in the novel, never do they as strongly as at Pon’s ball where Andrea leaves on account of her cheap and dirty shoes and the feeling of estrangement she gets from being surrounding by a bourgeois social class. For Andrea, part of the identity she wants to acquire is equated with surpassing the class boundary between herself and th e likes of Pons and Ena. Thus arguably it is social fragmentation that obstructs the way between childhood and womanhood. However, Andrea’s remarkable childish passivity is also prominent and it is arguably this which means she is unable to assume the identity that she wants. She very rarely takes an active role in things that may concern her development, such as at Pon’s ball where she actually makes no effort whatsoever to mingle with the other guests or dance with Pons. Even the mature Andrea who is narrating the story shows the childish trait of constantly trying to avoid taking responsibility for the role of ‘espectadora’ she has found herself in. She seems to blame the social and familial fragmentation that surrounds her as well as seeing her position as pre-determined and unchangeable: ‘unos seres nacen para vivir, otros para trabajar, otros para mirar la vida. Yo tenà ­a un pequeà ±o y ruin papel de espectadora. Imposible salirme de à ©l. Imposible libertarme.’ However, as the reader, we get a sense of her childish passivity and even when she is given o pportunities to break out of her shell and become an active agent in influencing events, she does not have the courage to do so. She is given two mediating roles in the novel, one by her grandmother to mediate between Gloria and Juan in one of their disputes, and another by Margarita to protect Ena from Romà ¡n. In both of these roles she fails to embrace the mature identity she desires and her childish side overcomes her. Furthermore, we get the sense that any progress made in the novel towards a stable and secure identity is not the result of her actions but of Ena, who acts like a kind of fairy godmother[5] to save Andrea from situations she cannot deal with and offer her a brighter future. When Andrea flees Romà ¡n’s room, it is Ena’s phone call which saves her from her fear and insomnia, and then again at the end of the book it is Ena’s letter which allows her to escape from the ‘chillidos histà ©ricos’[6] of the house on Airbau. So even if by the end of the novel, Andrea’s fortunes seem to have changed and she appears to have surpassed the rigid social boundary that she felt trapped by earlier in the novel, it is not of her own doing and, like a child still, she was helped out of her miserable situation by someone who is able to assume the identity of a mature young woman. The idea of fragmentation of the self is reinforced by looking at the way Andrea takes features of others, mostly Ena but also Romà ¡n to a degree, and sees in them characteristics she herself would like to have. Ena is a projection of the identity that Andrea lacks, she embodies the courage, attractiveness and sensuality that the protagonist wishes she was capable of having. Similarly, Romà ¡n, although flawed, represents the cultured, sophisticated personality that Andrea desires for herself. The narrator, by raising these other characters into semi-divinity and openly presenting them as her dream self, she emphasizes her own lack of identity and reveals yet another layer of fragmentation. More than simply the split between her thoughts and her actions, Andrea actually shows a desire to live through others and embody other identities. She own personality recedes into ‘nada’, as her notion of self is fragmented, projected onto others and lacking presence and stability . She is so consumed by her deep sense of inferiority that she is unable to form a coherent, secure self. There is, however, evidence that Andrea does find some sort of identity in the year she lived at Aribau. In many ways, she is a maternal figure to the inhabitants of Aribau. Even at the first meeting with her grandmother, she mentions how ‘Sentà ­ palpitar su corazà ³n como un animalillo contra mi pecho’[7]. She provides psychological integrity for the fragmented family, which lacks a male head of household and whose current maternal figure has been reduced to a ‘mancha blanquinegra de una viejicita decrà ©pita’[8]. She sees through Angustias’ attempts to assume the role of authoritarian mother and she provides a refuge and comfort for Gloria after her fights with her husband. Furthermore, when she runs after Juan into the barrio gà ³tico she says ‘corrà ­ en su persecucià ³n como si en ello me fuera la vida’[9]. She helps him escape from the police and then cares for him: ‘Le saquà © un paà ±uelo del bolsillo para que se li mpiara la sangre que le goteaba sobre el ojo. Se lo atà © y luego se apoyà ³ en mi hombro’[10]. She may not have saved anyone in Aribau, but she provides some force for stability in their fragmented lives, and although Andrea does not find an adult identity in sexual terms, she shows these maternal traits which show steps towards taking responsibility for herself and others and leaving childhood behind. It is even arguable that Andrea actually actively turns away from trying to predatory male sexuality, as we see from her meeting with Gerado she still find sexual contact repelling, and embraces pre-adolescent innocence. Furthermore, she finds her own unique place in the fragmented post-war society by turning to female friendship instead of one of the ‘dos caminos honrosos’[11], marriage or the convent, as prescribed by Angustias. Thus, arguably Andrea does to some extent find an identity during her time at Aribau, even if it is not the one she had in mind, and in this sense Nada is legitimized as a bildungsroman. Although in some ways Andrea does find a place for herself within the social fragmentation that surrounds her, she does by no means find a stable and secure identity or sense of self. This is partly due to the repression of desires and natural identity she finds in the house on Aribau, as well as the complete split between the disjointed, violent life led by a family broken by the effects of the Civil War and the liberal stability of the new high-bourgeois family idealized by Franco. However, it is largely also a result of Andrea’s passivity and total fragmentation of self, her mistake of dreaming up identities and projecting them onto the people around her, leading to a total lack of any coherent self and leaving her identity scattered and unachievable. She leaves Barcelona as childishly full of illusions about the future as when she arrived, and she says ‘marchaba sin haber conocido nada de lo que confusamente esperaba’[12]. The novel has come full circle and th ere has been no restoral of order and wholeness. [1] LAFORET, C. Nada (Ediciones Destino, 1995) p16 [2] ibid. p130-131 [3] JORDAN, B. Critical Guides to Spanish Texts: Nada (Grant Cutler, 1993) p10 [4] LAFORET, C. Nada. p38 [5] JORDAN, B. Critical Guides to Spanish Texts: Nada. p54 [6] LAFORET, C. Nada. p265 [7] ibid. p19 [8] ibid. p15 [9] ibid. p161 [10] ibid. p166 [11] ibid. p94 [12] ibid. p275 Bibliography JORDAN, B. Critical Guides to Spanish Texts: Nada (Grant Cutler, 1993) LAFORET, C. Nada (Ediciones Destino, 1995) MARTà N GAITE, C. Desde La Ventana (Espasa-Calpe, 1987) JORDAN, B. Looks That Kill: Power, Gender and Vision in Laforet’s Nada. Taken from Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispà ¡nicos, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1992)

The Global Drinking Water Shortage Essay - 3717 Words

We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. -- Thomas Fuller, Gnomologia #5451 (1732) While it is the single most important substance on earth, we usually don’t think about water other than when we’re thirsty. Most homes have at least two indoor faucets. Almost every public building has water fountains conveniently placed for easy, instant refreshment. Water is simple; it’s always there. Yet despite all this convenience, simplicity, and lack of excitement, water is the most essential part of life. Water is part of every step of†¦show more content†¦Their political power has always insured them exclusive rights to the Nile. In the meantime, Ethiopia has been denied use of its very own river (Thurow A1). Thanks to irrigation systems that have been in place since ancient times, Egyptian farmers grow rich crops in the middle of the dessert while Ethiopians starve to death. But perhaps this could all change. The World Bank, the United States, and other countries traditionally donating food to Ethiopia now realize that Ethiopia should begin sustaining itself. With a half a billion dollars coming from the US alone each year, only because food aid has become outrageously expensive is Ethiopia being granted the permission to use its own natural resources to sustain itself (Thurow A1). The attempt to substitute foreign aid for self-reliance is reminiscent of the old proverb about teaching a man to fish. Sadly, there is yet another complication to the crisis in Northern Africa. The Nile carries more than water. The water running through Ethiopia in the Nile carries nutrients and rich soil with it. The mixture that makes its way into Egypt is natures own perfect blend for agriculture. Egypt’s desert sand alone could never grow the rich crops found along the Nile. Without taking care of the land and soil in Ethiopia by properly cultivating it, the natural fertility of the Nile will diminish. 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Susan Shapiro, Director Of Personal And The Plant Manager

If I were Susan Shapiro, I would continue to campaign to change the benzene drying process by contacting the upper management, including the president of the company, to stop the process and protect employees. Susan Shapiro and a large group of employees will benefit from the continuing efforts to change benzene drying process. Susan was able to take the first step to help employees who are working in the drying shed. This is all about the achieving the self-satisfaction. Moreover, the workers will gain advantages such as: a better working environment, health, and reduced workload. Other groups that will benefit from Susan’s actions are: Foreman, Director of personal and the plant manager. This group will gain the trust of the employees. Additionally, the owner of the company will benefit by increasing the level of the company reputation as a result of creating a better environment for the health benefits of all the employees. As result, this create an opportunity to have more products with better quality as a result of the impact of motivated employees and the new technology. This may attract investors by showcasing that the company follows the OSHA standards carefully and precisel y. The company may face a number of difficulties to change the process and incur some cost of changing the process. The new process may not be as efficient as the previous one. Therefore, organization is harmed in the process of making changes. Those changes are could be beneficial for the companyShow MoreRelatedEbooks Solution Manuals and Test Banks for Text Books19223 Words   |  77 Pagesprovide you requested data.   =============================================================== Jr. 12 Solution Manual  ¡Arriba! Comunicacià ³n y cultura Student Edition by Eduardo ZayasBazà ¡n,Susan M. Bacon 5 Instructor’s Resource Manual  ¡Arriba! Comunicacià ³n y cultura Student Edition by Eduardo ZayasBazà ¡n,Susan M. 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Depression and its causes free essay sample

The area of mental health is a very unique field. It is so unique because it leaves room for questioning at every turn, for example when a diagnosis is made who is to say that the one deciding the illness is correct on deeming another’s state of mind. What that basically means is a whole medical field is based on someone’s dictation of the meanings of sane and insane and a healthy mind to an unhealthy one. Now that is not said to discredit the relevance of mental hospitals and doctors specializing in it, they are necessary and crucial to have. The consistency of mental health was the aspect being questioned. The mental illness of depression however is one of the generally less disputed against diagnoses’. There are clear causes and even clearer symptoms shown by someone who is considered to be depressed. Depression affects people mentally and physically and the main thing expressed by somebody with clinical depression is lack of interest in anything they might have usually liked to do and radical changes in behavior along with irregular sleeping patterns (Nordqvist, 2-3). All these visual things are what make depression much easier to diagnose than most other mental illnesses. Depression, no matter what specific type, is a very curable mental illness that is also a relatively common illness in comparison to most others. Symptoms of depression do differ between types, and amongst the six types that exist they all share the main symptoms of fatigue, lack of interest, thrown off appetite, and messed up sleeping patterns as the four most common (Depression, 2-3). Depression in all forms is linked to other mental illnesses like Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, and Autism due to similarities in each illness’s genetic make-ups (Nordqvist, 1). Based upon this the symptoms of having depression may not even be limited to the ones listed for actual depression, it could go far enough as whatever symptoms are for any of those other three illness’s as well. Now in relation to treatment for Depression the conversation is very open because it is one of the more treatable disorders. The sooner someone starts their depression treatment the faster they can recover, the depression can still be fully treated if it is not helped right away, but it will take longer. The main two treatments for depression are through drugs and psychotherapy. The drugs are anti depressants and psychotherapy is a method of psychological therapy where doctors use a psychological approach on the patients rather than physical means (Nordqvist, 5-6). It helps keep the patients calm and less stressed when the fear or intimidation of physical psychiatric machines and treatments are removed from their thoughts of treatment. The causes of depression are mostly seen not just mentally on patients but also physically. Studies show that people with depression have high risks of developing obesity, or on the opposite side, uncommon loss weight loss proving the pertinence of physical effects that depression can cause. It also increases risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people. However the causes differ from the effects (obviously) because these health issues develop as result of depression but there are connections of the effects to the causes (Nordqvist, 5). Being adept to the effects can jump-start other causes for people. Depression causes, as previously stated, fatigue, loss in interest, changed appetite and abnormal sleep, but also has had cases where loss of sexual desire, lack of attention, constant feelings of anxiety, pessimism, hopelessness, and restlessness with irritability occur (Depression, 2-3). All of these are key signs to tell if a person has depression, if one or two of these issues are present there is no need for alarm, especially if they only last for a few hours infrequently. However if around 4-7 of these symptoms are shown and they are reoccurring or even all the time then there is a large chance that the person is depressed. Depression really affects people who have it physical and emotionally and it has just as much of an effect on their loved ones too. It slows down everyone’s life around them and denial or negligence toward what is really occurring is very common when a family member or someone you generally see every day starts to suffer from depression (Depression, 9). The good side is how curable and how continually researched the field of depression treatment and understanding it is and how much progression has already came and how much is sure to come in the future. An illness with the severity, along with the commonness of depression is rare to come across. In the US 6. 7% of adults are diagnosed with depression annually and that’s not including all the cases where people assume nothing is wrong and don’t go to see a doctor, which happens with a lot of people (Depression, 3). If you come across someone you feel could be depressed it is your duty to try and motivate that person to go to the doctors and to make sure they attempt to get better because sometimes it is the people that the victims are living with that are holding them back from seeing doctors. Just as bad as the people diagnosed with depression don’t want to face the facts sometimes, neither do the people closest to them. Depression can lead to death in some cases where its victims get thoughts of suicide and even get the means to act on them. Depending on how sever ones case is can effect if they get these thoughts or not but regardless it could happen to any depression victim so symptoms must be caught in time to stop the thoughts from advancing into action. The causes of depression rely on environment, genetic makeup, and ones ability to relate to people or lack of ability to. And the symptoms of depression, as explained before, are lack of interest, fatigue, as well as appetite and sleep changes so the causes as well as symptoms have impactful physical changes on people and obviously mental ones as well (Depression, 2). There is always hope to be cured once diagnosed with depression but there has to be effort from the victim and the ones close, it is really hard to live with somebody who is depressed, and all people can do it give support.