Trade and Finance Eco372

International Trade and Finance Speech ECO/ 372 March 21, 2013 Good evening everyone! It is a pleasure to be here. This evening I will first briefly review the International trade and Financial state of our economy†¦.. What happens when there is a surplus of imports brought into the U. S Domestic producers competing with imports suffer from lower prices and fewer sales. They have less revenue and resource owners doing the production have less income. However, Domestic consumers enjoy lower prices! Whenever there is a surplus of products, regardless of origin, the price drops.Even to the point of selling at a loss, the holder has already paid the invoice and taxes, but still has to pay storage, the longer it holds the product the more money it costs, selling at a loss moves the product out of storage and clears the store front for another product. Take the case of car sales, do you really think that cutting $10,000 of the price of a $40K car makes sense if you can sell it for $40 K. * What are the effects of international trade to GDP, domestic markets and university student’s. International Trade to GDPIn order to understand international trade it is important to recognize what the effects of international trade have on the GDP, domestic markets and university students. International trade is essentially when two or more countries exchange goods and services. Many countries export their goods and services to other countries and in turn may also import goods and services from other countries into their own. There have been exceptional achievements with technology, which have made it much easier to trade on an international level.The communication, as a result of these technology advancements, has improved exponentially and it has truly simplified this process. With that being said it can be confirmed that international trade has a profound effect on the GDP, domestic markets and even university students like me. There are many countries that are rich in technology, like China and Japan, and others that have bountiful natural resources, like Iraq, that have a weighty impact on us specifically. The U. S. s one of the largest contributors to international trade and in fact our GDP is overwhelmingly impacted because we are huge import consumers. We rely heavily on products from other countries and import much more than what we export. This not only impact our GDP, thus lowering it since we are importing more than exporting, and also has an impact on our domestic markets because we. How do government choices in regards to tariffs and quotas affect international relations and trades?The government certainly makes many choices particularly when it comes to economics. The big question is how do government choices in regards to tariffs and quotas affect international relations and trade? First and foremost it is important to understand that tariffs and quotas are in place to encourage the government to make choices on how much quantity t hey will agree to have imported and exported and additionally the amount of taxes that will be collected in order to avoid discarding of those goods or services.Foreign investors are encourages to play a role in international trade by having exchange rates in place. There are also government policies in place that aid to avert certain goods and services from entering our country. In essence the main objective of the government and the choices that they make regarding tariffs and quotas is to do what is best for our economy to keep it stable and lucrative. What are foreign exchange rates? How are they determined? In order to understand foreign exchange rates we must ask the question of what are they and how are they determined?Because economic growth within a country is important, the government makes certain that fiscal and monetary policies are in place to ensure that this growth continues. Because there are goods and services which are traded between different countries around the world, there are foreign exchange rate payments that are required to be paid for those exchanges. This foreign exchange rate will differ from country to country. Why doesn’t the US simply restrict all goods coming in from China?Why can’t the US just minimize the amount of imports coming in from all other countries? Naturally there are many people that have asked the question of why the U. S. does not simply restrict all goods coming in from China, as an example? Why can’t the U. S. just minimize the amount of imports coming in from all other countries as well? It is difficult to restrict imports from other countries particularly in the U. S where there is a large group of consumers who are demanding goods and services from other countries.In order to satisfy the demands of people who want these goods or services from other countries the government allows for this easy trading and does earn revenue from duties and taxes on these imports. This helps to boost our own countries economy. References Colander, D. C. (2010). Macroeconomics. (8th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. United States Department of Labor. (n. d. ). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from http://www. bls. gov/eag/eag. us. htm. Trading Economics. (2012). United States Consumer Confidence.Retrieved from http://www. tradingeconomics. com/united-states/consumer-confidence. CBS NEWS. (n. d. ). US Consumer Spending Up, but Income Lags. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-500395_162-57406993/us-consumer-spending-up-but-income-lags/. Appelbaum, B. (March 2012). The New York Times: As Fed Officials Prepare to Meet, They Await Clearer Economic Signals. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2012/03/12/business/as-fed-meeting-nears-it-awaits-clearer-economic-signals. html? ref=interestrates.

How are relationships presented in romeo and juliet compared to the machine stops Essay

EXPLORE THE WAYS RELATIPNSHIPS ARE PRESENTED IN THE TEXTS YOU HAVE STUDIED Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play, written by William Shakespeare. Trailing the catastrophic events occurring in the lives to two teenage â€Å"star-cross’d lovers† whose premature deaths unite their quarrelling families. The Machine Stops however, is a futuristic novella written by E.M Forster following a mother and son in an attempt to keep their relationship in a society run by a machine which controls the humans. Prince Escalus of Romeo and Juliet is the authority of Verona; he controls everybody in his city. We can see this from the first time we see him; in act I scene I. â€Å"rebellious subjects, enemies to peace/profaners of this neighbour- stained steel,† . â€Å"subjects†- instead of referring to them as the people of the city, making them seem worthless, portraying a higher power, since ‘subject’ suggests someone being discussed or dealt with, the gentry would be thinking about the princes language and recognise the depth in his la nguage whereas the groundlings would be entertained by the previous brawl which provided them with action, the audience then recognise that he is on higher social status than the other characters. â€Å"steel†-speaking of their swords, the prince is fustraghted because these swords are meant for the purpose of protecting and defending the city, but they are being used to spill the blood of its residents; †stained†-meaning blood, the audience would then look forward to the punishments that the prince will provide. Shakespeare portrays the prince as majestic and royal through his language, he speaks very formally, much more than the other characters. â€Å"but I’ll amerce you with a strong fine/that you shall all repent the loss of mine:†. The prince speaks using rhyming couplets making him seem more superior and authorative. The audience, especially the gentry, will realise how he is very imperious and lordly. In the Machine stops, the machine controls the underground dystopian society; it is relatively like the prince in the sense that it holds control over inhibitors. Since the Machine doesn’t literally speak, we have the words of the humans which know the characteristics of the Machine. When Kuno is persuading Vashti to visit the surface of the earth, she replies â€Å"it is contrary to the spirit of the age† Kuno exclaims â€Å"do you mean by that, contrary to the machine?†Vashti cautiously replies â€Å"in a sense, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she is acting as if the machine has developed feelings or a sense of betrayal. The reader would find this a perqullia society because the humans are worshiping  a machine, made by men. The machine and prince Escalus are presented in a similar way, this is unusual since the machine stops is set in the future and Romeo and Juliet was written in 1500’s yet they possess similar qualities, it is also intriguing how E.M Forster came up with this idea since he wrote this in early 1900’s in England, a democratic society, in a time of great inventions but thinks of a society which is almost like a dictatorship, and having to respect a ruler. But this was orthodox in the Shakespeare’s age to respect the authority to your town. Hate relationships are strong and frequent in romeo and juliet, romeo and tybalt have a hate relationship.however, as much as tybalts vulgur, impulsive, violent attitude riles romeo, he attempts to refrain from vocalising his loave because tybalt is juliets cousin and, unbeknown to tybalt, romeos kinsman.in act 3 scene 1 tybalt is roaming the streets in search of a brawl, romeo appears and tybalt begins to provoke him, mercutio, who never fails to rise mutiny, begins a quarrel with tybalt, ending with mercutio fatally wounded romeo then fills with resentment and vexation, then once tybalt returns, they fight;resulting in tybalts death. whilst tybalt is dying, he says to romeo â€Å"thou, wrecked boy, that dids’t consort him here,/ shalt with him hence† tybalts insult towards romeo, â€Å"boy† is the same as what he said at the capulet feast. romeo is usually presented as civil and caring, not violent, but he shows the audience that he is protective of people that he loves. most of the hateful relationships are presented by shakespeare through physical actions, which may be because battles were a conventional part of society in the 1500’s and it is also more interesting for the audience, since the plays were preformed live, not read. despite that, forster presents hate through words because it makes for a more interesting read. since its hard to translate physical actions into words and still keep the effectiveness on the reader. for example, kuno’s hate for the machine is never portrayed in actions, but words. â€Å"the machine is much, but it is not everything. i see something like you in this plate, but i do not see you. i hear something like you through this telephone, but i do not hear you† he tells vashti that the machine has excluded the sense of personal touch and communication. juno is fustraighted by the fact that inhibitors praise so highly of the machine, yet they forget that it was made by man, they treat it as a god and follow it like a religion, his hate grows further for the  machine because the machine causes vashti and juno to have an argument where they completely disown each other, and kuno sees this as down to the machine. he feels resentment to wards the machine also, because of how it makes people act. â€Å"Thrice she felt the delirium of aquiesance.† â€Å"Delirium† by that meaning vashti is gibing in to the machine, showing the reader how compelling the machine is, since it takes vashti out of her normal state and conscious mind. kuno never directly says to the machine † i hate you†, but we imply this from his words, different from shakespeare plays, where feelings are relationships are vocalised clearly. love is presented rather strange, by e.m forster. vashrti loves the machine, she installs all of her faith in it, we see this when the machine begins to malfunction, â€Å"she continued to whirl† she is going crazy and it is almost like now that the machine is going, she is developing a sense of separation anxiety . ‘whirled’ she is beginning to possess machine like’ properties, displaying how she has a bond that runs extremely deep inside of her. However, her passion for the machine is seen as unconventional by the reader since the machine isn’t a person, but forster may have done this to help emphasis that this is a futuristic novella which would mean that society will conceits of different elements than today. the reader may respond frightened, since this is written in 1909 and technology has evolved extensively, compelling the reader that this may come of society in years to come. another factor that makes vashti’s love for the machine unconventional, is that her passion resembles that of a cult follower â€Å"you must not say anything against the machine.† and no matter how hard kuno tries to erach her because he recognises her state, she can’t pull away, she still follows. shakespeare presents relationships differently however, romeo and juliets love is sudden, impulsive and very swift. since the original story of romeo and julliet is spread over 9 months, whereas this quicker paced play is sq ueezed into 5 days. romeos love for juliet is very sudden, â€Å"so shows a snowy dove tropping with crows,† his first sight of juliet, he falls deeply in love with her, forgetting about his â€Å"love† he was depressed over, showing the audience romeos infatuation. because by ‘crow’ he is comparing juliet to rosaline, implied as the frow. declaring that he has never felt love until this night, showing the audience how romeo is very  indecisive and impulsive. their love is also presented to the audience through sonnets, indicating that their love is so passionate, that their dialogue is spoken through love poems, displaying a higher romance to the audience because sonnets are often used to write about love.there is a dark underling meaning behind these rods, however. as these are a foreshadow of romeo and juliets coming death, we recognise this because these 14 line sonnets match the 14 line prologue with the same rhyming scheme as the sonnets, this prol ogue mentions their deaths, linking the teens love to their tragic fate.the foreshadowing of romeo and juliets death are frequent thouout the play. â€Å"methinks i see there, now thou art below / as one dead in the bottom of a tomb:†- an omen of when romeo is in the bottom of a tomb, the gentry would recognise these hints of whats coming, but mostlikly at the end of the play. The love presented in romeo and juliet is much more conventional than presented in the machine stops, since romeo is a typical; lovesick: self-pityful; impulsive teenager,but vashtis relationship with the machine is interesting since it is much more unorthodox and surreal. shakespeare presents capulet and juliets relationship as very influx, because we first see capulet as a loving father, whilst he is speaking with paris (a potential candidate to marry juliet) and says â€Å"let two more summers wither in their pride†¦ but woo her† capulet doesn’t want his daughter to leave him for another two years, however, he contrasts this, â€Å"an she agree within her scope of choice / lies my concent and fair according voice† ‘ scope’ suggesting that within her choice of men, if she doesn’t comply, ‘according voice’ then he will force her. his voice will always be there to influence her, and he will use this parental influence as a to ol of fate. to shakespeare’s audience, this wouldn’t seem queer, but to the modern day audience, this would seem bizarre. but a father had lots of control of the life their daughter led. but this is also partly to do with hoe capulet prides himself on the place he has in society and doesn’t want his name, which he has accumulates such power to, not to be carried through to descendants. juliets power against her father is weakened because she is his heir, but she is weakened further due to her social standards as a woman, and women being dominated by males in the 1500’s. Capulets underling anger becomes clearer in act 3 scene 5, it was expected that noble women would marry rich men, on par with their status, but when capulet hears that romeo  is who uliet wants to marry, he becomes very riled, dramatically contrasting his earlier behaviour when she was obeying him, â€Å"disobedient wretch † suggesting to the audience that his previous love was superficial. he is saying all of this in front of juliet, yet he speaks of her in the third person, asif she isn’t there, â€Å"we have a curse in having her†¦rid of her† referring to someone in the third person is deemed more rude and shakespeare gave capulet the words â€Å"her† to make juliet feel worthless and put distance between her and capulet, also in attempt to belittle her and make her feel bad., therefore portraying more anger to the audience. His rage relates back to capulet priding his statue in society and wanting his image to remain in tact. however, once he hears of juliets death, his feelings turn suddenly very remorseful and flu of self-pity. he feels bad because his last words to his daughter were very harsh, the audience were full of excitement but now they are very sorrowful and shocked, contratig their earlier thoughts and feelings, of an otherwise action-packed scene. â€Å"ready to go, but never to return,† capulet say says she is going for the wrong reasons, she should have been going to marry paris, but rather, going to be buried. he mentions how le lost the successor to his name, reputation, legacy, and empire which he has built, which sould have been passed down by juliet, heir to the capulet fortune, reinforcing the social standards of an heir in elizabeths reign.

Anions and Cations in Biological Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Anions and Cations in Biological Systems - Essay Example However, the boundary of 2s has a spherical surface around the nucleus and another spherical shell around the nucleus. Thus there is a node between the two spherical surfaces describing 2s surface while just one spherical surface describes 1s orbital. Q3. The probability distribution function is obtained by multiplying the square of the wave function with 4ï  °r2. Even though the radial part of the wave function is maximum at r = 0; the value of the probability distribution function will be zero only as r = 0. Thus the maximum probability of finding an electron can be at some other value of r; even though the wave function has its maximum value at r = 0. Thus it can be seen that there is no contradiction in probability of finding an electron being maximum at r = 0.529 A and value of the corresponding wave function being maximum at r = 0. Hence the two statements are compatible. Q4. This is because alkali metals are multi electron system unlike hydrogen, which is one electron system. Therefore, in case of hydrogen only electron – nucleus interaction is there and the atomic spectrum of hydrogen is due to electronic transition of just one electron across different excitation states. In case of alkali metals, there being many electrons, there exists interaction among electrons as well besides the electron – nucleus interaction. Further there are many more excitation states and electronic transitions in case of alkali metals (because of many electrons being there) than in case of hydrogen atom. Therefore, the atomic spectrum of an alkali metal is much more complex than that of hydrogen. Q7. First ionization energy of an atom is the value of energy required to pull out the outermost electron from the atom. Its value increases as one traverse from left to right in a period of the periodic table. This is because as one moves from left to right in a period the number of protons I the

Math Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Math - Essay Example help students have good economic life in future, that is, be employed and deal with life issues such as handling money, interacting with other people, and be well conversant with spiritual life (Peter, 2001). The other aspect of education is to produce a person who is physically, morally, and spiritually upright. All these should be instilled through teaching of mathematics. This paper therefore emphasizes on how mathematics leads to spiritual development. Mathematics as a subject is normally used by people to give a better understanding of very great things including description of natural phenomena normally use mathematics as a subject, how they occur in the world. For instance, knowledge of probability may make a person tell whether it would rain the next day or not (winter, 2000). Even explanation on the depths of ocean waters, heights of mountains and calendar of the days. All these descriptions require the knowledge of mathematics. Mathematicians are philosophers on their own since they can sit and think how great things came into existence there giving an insight to occurrence of infinite things of the world (Downes, 1997). As a matter of understanding wonders and infinite things, mathematics teachers apply the methods of using surprises in order to make complicated things become real. For example, Movshovits Hadar (1988) argues that using the concept of Pythagoras theorem in bringing ideas of squaring sides of a right-angled triangle is a surprise to students. Mathematics has been used to promote spiritual development in learners. This can be clearly explained in terms of religion, philosophy and science that attempt to explain how Christians are linked with charity and social justice through mathematics. The origin of mathematics can be traced back from great philosophers such as Pythagoras and Plato who through rational thinking did a lot in the field of mathematics. According to Morshovits (1988) mathematics play a spiritual function by providing a

Organization Theory & Design Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization Theory & Design Bachelor - Essay Example FedEx has always been a leading innovator in changing how the world works and lives. By providing perspective on subjects that are critical to life and business today, we seek to call attention to these important topics and help others realize the benefits and opportunities associated with them. The company's mission is to produce superior financial returns for shareowners by providing high value-added supply chain, transportation, business and related information services through focused operating companies. Federal Express will be focused in the customers' satisfaction in the highest quality manner. The organization will strive to develop mutually rewarding relationships with its employee, partners and suppliers. Safety will be the first consideration in all operations. Corporate activities will be conducted to the highest ethical and professional standards. This study examines the organizational structure on firm performance, incentive problems, and financial decisions. The FedEx families of companies headquarter in Memphis, TN represents a $32 billion corporation that offers the broadest array of transportation, e-commerce and supply chain solutions in the world. At FedEx, more than 260,000 employees and contractors are personally dedicated to doing absolutely, positively whatever it takes to deliver for our customers' everyday. The FedEx family of companies is comprised of the following: FedEx Express - Reliable express delivery, usually in one to two business days, delivering to 220 countries. FedEx Ground - Dependable, small package ground service, including FedEx home delivery. FedEx Freight - Regional, less-than-truckload transportation for heavyweight freight FedEx Custom Critical - Non-stop, door to door delivery of time critical shipments whether its parts to keep a vital production line running, emergency generators to restore power after the storm, or a priceless piece of art that needs special handling. As North America's largest time-specific, critical-shipment carrier, FedEx Custom Critical provides pickup and delivery services throughout the U.S. and Canada within Europe - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. FedEx Trade Networks - High-tech customs clearance solutions. FedEx Services - Information Technology, sales and marketing services for the FedEx companies. The Strategic Direction sector of FedEx was created to improve the strategic policy and planning capability, and strengthen its external liaison and partnerships-building capacity. The sector is responsible for providing advice and support to senior management in setting the strategic direction of the organization, and does so by ensuring FedEx direction is aligned with broader government priorities, and reflects emerging environmental trends and the imperatives of partners and clients. The sector incorporates a policy development and research capacity to improve FedEx input to emerging policy, and a rigorous environmental scanning capability to assess the socio- economic, technological, legal and political environment, both at the domestic and international levels. In addition, a strong internal and external communications component supports strategic policy and planning, and helps the FedEx achieve its identified priorities. FedEx main goal is to The responsible for the strategic direction of FedEx is Mr. Frederick W. Smith he is the chairman, president and chief

I want you to choose the appropriate topic Essay

I want you to choose the appropriate topic - Essay Example The government leaders of Centralia did not act on the side of the public’s interest. The public included the miners who died due to the government leaders’ faulty public administration acts. In the article â€Å"The Blast in Centralia No. 5†, there was an important need for a strong and effective public system in the Centralia, Illinois community. The article shows that 111 miners died from the mine blast. The blast occurred in Centralia, Illinois more than generations ago (Stillman, 2009). The issues that arose from the mine blast focused on the selfish interests of some government officials and the mine owners. The mine owner, Centralia Coal Company, was more interested in generating profits from the mine diggings, not the miners’ safety. The mine owners refused to implement the safety recommendations issued by the safety professionals. Likewise, the Centralia government leaders must answer for the mine blast casualties. The blast report sent to the gov ernment agency, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, proved some Centralia administrators were not prioritizing the public’s interest (Stillman, 2009). Further, to be more effective and efficient, the government’s political setup should focus on generating favorable outputs that benefit the community. The 28th U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson emphasized that government leaders must balance the issues of constitutional democracy and â€Å"inherent concerns for popular control and participation with the theories of efficient, professional administration, and their stress on systematic rules and internal procedures as distinct from democratic oversight and influence.† (Stillman, 2009). Wilson insists that the people MUST elect professionals that include doctors, engineer, lawyers, and others who have the political will to serve the public’s interest, during their stint as political bosses of the community. Political bosses include mayors and senators. An effective

Response to Coments on DQ1 KS and DQ2 CH W9 Essay

Response to Coments on DQ1 KS and DQ2 CH W9 - Essay Example Companies can always generate additional cash without the dependence of revenues by selling its common stock in the stock market. The cash that is obtained selling common stocks would be categorized as an investment activity in the statement of cash flow. Cash obtained from a loan are categorized as financing activities. DQ2 Cash and its evaluation in the statement of cash flow is very important because a company can generate revenues and positive net income, but if the firm does not have sufficient cash to pay off its debt the firm may run out of business. A liquidity ratio that tests the ability of the firm to pay off its short term debt is the current ratio. A innovate way that managers can utilize the statement of cash flow is by applying vertical analysis. Vertical analysis reports the different amounts in the financial statement as a percentage of another item (Accountingcoach, 2011). For example the manager takes the different amounts of cash from each of the operating activit ies and divides it by the total cash balance at the end of the statement of cash flow. The results of the vertical analysis can be compared to the previous year vertical analysis results. References Accountingcoach.com (2011).

British Airways Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Airways - Research Paper Example In short, rather than merely changing the organization, the changes that occurred to British Airways between the years 1981 – 1983 can be referred to as a change in culture. As such, the preceding analysis will analyze the means by which the culture of British airways prior to this re-emergence was fundamentally different from the new culture that developed between the years 1981 – 1983 and has definitively succeeded in defining and differentiating British Airways as a premier global airline. In seeking to define the culture that existed prior to the turnaround which will be discussed, it is necessary to understand that low levels of customer service, bad experiences, a self-perpetuating image of low quality and poor service, bloated payrolls, and ineffective governmental regulation/management were partly to blame for many of the cultural breakdowns which ultimately led to the loss of profitability which was experienced during the 1970s. As stated by Lord King, British Airways was faced with the position of losing 250,000,000 pounds over two years; in effect, the airline was hemorrhaging money (Miller, 1995). Ultimately, part of the degeneracy of the previous culture can be blamed upon the government control and bureaucratic oversight that was exhibited since the conclusion of the Second World War. As the case study defines, to unique entities came to oversee and direct British Airways after the war; these were the BEA and the BOAC. These operated in such a way to create a de facto state run airline that was not focused upon profitability or long-term sustainability. Moreover, the split board of oversight made decision making difficult if not impossible; leading to a situation in which two distinct leadership operations controlled the development of the airline. For instance, the BEA was set up shortly after the close of the Second World War to develop the infrastructure of the European air service route. As such, it had little interest in operati ons control with regards to the development of profitability and sustainment for an airline carrier. Likewise, the BOAC, as the author of the case study indicates, was more interested in flying the British flag and it was in developing business and satisfying consumers. This of course ultimately led to a situation in which not only was money being perennially lost but more row was poor and the overall productivity level never exceeded 59% during the 2 decades since the conclusion of the war (Leahey & Cotter, 1990). Yes, nearly all of these cultural issues began to fade into obscurity nearly as soon as Lord King came to be appointed chairman of British Airways. Coming from a background of business entrepreneurship and business development, King approached situation from a no-nonsense point of view. Firstly, and perhaps most importantly, King identified that a culture of development must necessarily be put into place in order for British Airways to experience any type of rebirth. As a function of this, King immediately froze wages, reduced staff by 20%, closed eight engineering bases, closed 16 routes that were deemed extraneous and ultimately a profitable, and stated that the worst was not yet behind the airline (Tushman & O’Reilly, 1996). At face value, each of these decisions may be

Critical Literature Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Critical - Literature review Example 6.5 million and a medium enterprise can have up to 250 employees with a turnover of ?25.9 million. (BIS, 2011). SMEs are not only playing a significant role in the economy of United Kingdom but they are also major contributor in reducing the unemployment in the country. â€Å"Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are an important part of UK economy. Out of nation 4.3 million business enterprises 99% are SMEs, accounting for well over half of the employment (58.9%) and turnover (51.9%).† (Dyerson & Hari, 2008, p. 139). Today, adoption of IT or Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by SMEs is not an option but a compulsion and business requirement. Businesses cannot afford to live and exit in isolation rather they have to integrate themselves with all new technologies that happened to exist and prevail in the society. The impact of information technology on the society has instigated new domains and horizons of information technology in the SMEs businesses and aware ness has begin to increased among European states some two decades back with the invent of internet and information explosion. â€Å"Earlier EU policies in support of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) tended to focus on their role in creating employment. Over the past decade, there has been a pronounced shift to encourage greater SME participation in the information society and increased policy interest in the role that SME may play in innovation.† (Stanford-Smith, Enrica & Mireille, 2002, p.987). Apart from the size of an SME, the significance of an information technology framework is unquestionable for its existence, operation and growth. The role of IT in any business is multi faceted and it may range from internal operations and data repositories to eMarketing and eCommerce. The globalization of businesses has necessitated the induction of tools and trade of information technology into the SMEs all over the world. The strategic importance of SMEs in the economic growth of a country has grown multi times and governments try to enhance and boost economic escalation through the growth of SMEs to achieve sustainable economic strength. The adoption of information technology by SMEs is the tactical side of this strategic objective. Therefore, the governments not only encourage the use of technology but also enforce the use of these technologies to ensure better management and to guard public interest through IT enabled services by SMEs. These efforts were not limited to individual states but were also collaborated internationally by organizations like OECD. An early example of these steps includes the establishment of â€Å"Technology Development Centers (TEKES) in order to assist SMEs in planning development programs which include new technology and international cooperation.† (OECD, 1998, p. 82). United Kingdom being a member of OECD has been playing a pivotal role in the growth of SMEs and thereafter in the strengthening process of the SMEs wh ich includes but not limited to the adoption and encouragement of information technologies in these businesses. â€Å"Here again the operations are concentrated on the OECD countries and the main sectors include: technical and engineering studies, agro foods, chemicals, parachemicals and pharmaceuticals, information technology and electronics.† (OECD, 1998, p. 83). Threats and challenges always come bundled with the adoption of any technology and the information techn

Gender difference in CALL Programs for English as a second Language Essay

Gender difference in CALL Programs for English as a second Language Acquisition - Essay Example Lai and Kuo have struggled to further prove this claim by evaluating the learning outcomes of both male and female counterparts making use of CALL programmes. 2. Aim: The study is conducted to identify the effects of language learning through CALL programs on gender basis. Many researches provide evidence that gender does affect the learning process. The basic distinction of this research paper is the evaluation of English learning pace and attributes in second language acquisition using CALL programs. Which means that this study also incorporates the evaluation of computer based learning on gender basis. The study also aims to identify the differences in the attitudes of male and female students towards learning, their differing views about learning efficacy, their differing levels of learning anxiety in learning language via CALL programs and the different learning barriers they identified. 3. Methodology: Proper methodology is mandatory to produce valid results. Lai and Kuo used b oth quantitative and qualitative techniques to produce reliable results. To develop initial understanding, Lai and Kuo, used different studies conducted by various researchers. They produced proper setting and created an appropriate understanding of the importance given to this area of research. The quantitative data was collected from a sample of 200 students of which 166 were female and the rest of 34 were male. The participants were given a questionnaire to gather data about EFL & CALL. The qualitative data was collected by interviewing 10 participants including 5 males and 5 females. The qualitative data aimed to identify the key challenges that each gender faces in learning language through CALL programs. ... The qualitative data aimed to identify the key challenges that each gender faces in learning language through CALL programs. 4. Results: The results of this research were divided into 4 parts. The first part was about the learning attitudes of male and female participants using Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Programs. A fairly large number of male participants provided an affirmative result on the learning processes of language via CALL programs. In contrast to 91.1 percent males, only 42.7% females showed a positive result on using computer based learning for English language. Results on learning efficacy were also in line with this trend. Only 53.6 percent females believed that it may be helpful to increase learning efficacy whereas, 88.2 percent male participants believed that CALL programs are helpful in increasing the learning efficacy. A different result was found when the participants were asked about the learning techniques used in CALL programs. Both groups found it interesting to use computers in learning Language and a smaller population marked CALL programs as ‘boring’. In addition, majority believed that CALL programs may be more beneficial to enhance reading, writing and listening skills but less helpful in increasing speaking power. Learning anxiety was lesser in male (14.2%) counterparts on using computer as a learning tool as compared to female participants (19.2%). Learning barriers for female students was the difficulty of using the CALL programs’ software, whereas, the only big hurdle for the male participants was the availability of learning software due to expensive nature of new technologies. 5. Interpretation of Data: The results obtained by the authors were as expected if compared with other studies

Business Ethics - Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Discrimination Essay Discrimination is defined as distinguishing something from something else (i. e. don’t hire him because he has no experience). Unjustified discrimination is distinguishing something from something else on a basis that is not justified (i. e. don’t hire him because he is black). The term discrimination commonly replaces the term unjustified discrimination in business, philosophy, psychology and day-to-day community life. In a just and fair society, such as we Canadians aspire to, a job applicant’s race, ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, orientation, mental ability, or physical condition should not disadvantage them in career choices or job competitions. If a short Asian female firefighter can do the job, she should get the job. Conversely she should not expect to receive concessions that are not available to all; that is in effect also discrimination. Unfortunately, discrimination often arises in business in regards to hiring, job placement, wage, and promotion. Affirmative Action Ideally, discrimination should be of no concern at all; everyone should have an equal opportunity to anything. In a perfect world a hiring manager would not have to think thoughts such as, â€Å"They are disabled, they are women, they are aboriginal,† and would only think, â€Å"This person will be perfect for the job because†¦. † Unfortunately this may never completely happen. For example if a person in a wheelchair applies to be a stock person at Costco and another person who is not in a wheelchair applies for the same position the manager will be debating, â€Å"Should I hire the person who cannot walk because I want to be socially responsible? Or should I hire the person who can walk, who will probably do a better job and who I won’t have to make special accommodations for? † Another example is a man and a woman who are applying to be a nurse on the obstetrics ward; they have both just graduated and have exactly the same experience. If only one position is available who is more likely to be hired? Affirmative action programs often come into place to encourage equal opportunity. Affirmative action refers to policies or rograms that take factors such as; age, sex, race, color or religion and give preferential treatment to people that belong to an identifiable disadvantaged group, or outgroup. Cons Reverse discrimination occurs when preferential treatment is given to one person and the other is left out. For example if a woman is hired to work in an oil patch just because she is a woman and man is not hired (perhaps only because of quota requirements), he will experience reverse discrimination. This may in fact v iolate a province’s human rights code. Some would also argue that it is wrong to place at a disadvantage a current day job applicant in order to attempt to compensate for historical wrong treatment of certain categories of job applicants. Merit may not exist if affirmative action is in place. A situation could arise where an applicant may deserve a job more because he or she has more education and more experience than the hired applicant who is disabled, if the hiring was done only in the interest of a representative workplace. May condescend or offend outgroups because the people belonging to that group don’t believe they need preferential treatment in order to succeed. Affirmative action creates a perception that all racial minorities or physically disabled persons have low self image, poor job marketing skills, missed opportunities, and are in need government regulated assistance. Efficiency may be compromised if a company is forced to hirer a proportionally representative workforce. Instead of hiring the best fitting candidate, companies would be forced to seek out a visible minority or a disabled candidate. This simply is not good business practice. A company should be free to hire the best candidate. Morale and workplace cooperation may be negatively impacted by a person being hired because of affirmative action policies which clearly give special considerations not available to all. The outgroup may develop a sense of entitlement that is not supported by the majority of the workers. Affirmative action may cause a widening of the gap (and an affirmation of bigotry) instead of a diverse and inclusive work force. For example, a white man at a steel factory may think that he got his job because he is qualified for it while being angry that the Asian man only got hired because there were no other Asians working in the plant and the hiring manager did not want to be discriminating. Pros Assistance in obtaining a desired job may be necessary for members of an identifiable disadvantaged group, or outgroup, since discrimination may make it difficult to establish a career. For example, men can be excellent nurses, but if a female hiring officer doesn’t understand or embrace the benefits of diversity, the obstetrics ward would have all female nurses. Another example might be a hair dressing trainee who is in a wheelchair; this applicant may have more obstacles to overcome and more convincing to do with a prospective employer. It is not fair, or just, that these applicants would have to be much better that the â€Å"normal† kind of applicant in order to be desirable to the employer. This â€Å"assistance† is given in affirmative action plans such as requiring employers to choose the disadvantaged applicant when all other skills are equal. Affirmative action makes working in different areas more desirable. Ex, Okanagan College has free introductory welding courses for women only. If colleges did not have these affirmative action programs there would probably be less female welders. This creates an incentive for a member of an outgroup to step forward and be part of the creation of workplace diversity. Affirmative action ensures justice for those who have historically been oppressed. Although hopefully not in Canada, there may still be a stigma attached to those whose ancestors were slaves, lower class, or aboriginal and thus seen as lesser that those with good career jobs. Some people may believe that affirmative action is necessary to change the attitudes of society by mandating a diverse work force. Canada cannot ignore the fact that a few generations ago a person with mental challenges or physical disabilities would not have been offered a position if there was a reasonable candidate who was considered â€Å"normal. † Affirmative action envisions a just work place where everyone is normal because the new normal is diverse and inclusive. Affirmative action encourages a representative work force. If 2% of the community’s population is visually impaired, then in a company of 100 employees, there should be a least two people who have some kind of sight impairment. In Canada, 3% of the population is aboriginal; therefore, there should be three members of a First Nation employed at the above company. A disabled person aged 25 to 44 accounts for 8% of the population. Statistically speaking, the above company, if it were in British Columbia, should have 27 employees who are recent immigrants. With roughly 60% of Canada’s population being Caucasian, all the numbers above would create a representative work force. It could be described as a diverse, dynamic, and exciting place to work; but does it exist? By requiring the inclusion of a representative work force affirmative action will in the long term change attitudes and encourage diversity. Thesis Affirmative action programs are still necessary to ensure equal opportunities in the work place and to encourage diversity, which over time will extinguish discrimination and contribute to a just, fair, and tolerant society. History I believe discrimination stems from history. If a young person learned from parents, schools, or media that women are not good trade workers, they will continue this discrimination for generations. This is what happens in all forms of discrimination because discrimination is learned. Discrimination can be reduced in a society with the influence of laws, education, and incentives. Affirmative action mandates exposure, which with encouragement by supportive government and ethical businesses will result in workplace diversity, and that over time will influence the thinking of society as a whole. Further Discussion: Continue Affirmative Action Dimock and Tucker thoroughly discussed their views on affirmative action policies about how such policies cause problems for employment equity in Canada. Dimock and Tucker did not discuss why such policies may still be necessary and did not thoroughly discuss a solution to discrimination. Their conclusion, while pointing out that affirmative action programs have not met intended goals, does not offer concrete solutions other than education. I disagree that the young should be the only target to ensure against discrimination. Youth can be racist, sexist, and exclusive. That’s why our society has a large problem with bullying. If discrimination is a learned trait, then the youth are learning it from above, and that is precisely the target of affirmative action. I believe affirmative action should still be used to some extent in order to encourage diversification. I think a combination of education and the experience of exposure is more useful that a single target group (such as educating the young). If groups (young, school aged, post secondary, and the work force) are created with diverse and representative participants, the likelihood of all groups beginning to like each other because of repeated exposure is much higher then if they remain separated. Well informed members of society who have personal experience with diversity are the least discriminating for several reasons: †¢They have been educated not be discriminating (from classes like this). †¢They have been put together in groups with all different types of people, and †¢They have become comfortable with that diversity. The result is that they have learned to be less discriminating than their peers or previous generation. For example, a white 18 year old’s great grandparents may have been what is now considered racist toward black people. In the grandparent’s time racism, even segregation, was thought of as perfectly normal, and those views were passed down generation to generation. However, through education and exposure racism was slowly extinguished until we have a grade 12 student who welcomes a new immigrant from Zambia. Instead of being completely racist like his great grandparents the 18 year old now only believes the stereotype that all black people like rap music which he hates. The next generation will (hopefully) not even notice that a black person is in the group. If affirmative action continues it will help the top (the existing generation of employers) meet the bottom (the well informed and accepting job applicant) and the result will be a tolerant, inclusive, and diverse work place. The attitudes of the work place will in time influence society as a whole. Conclusion I was lucky enough to learn about discrimination in both psychology and philosophy class in the same week. Although solutions are not offered in this paper, I believe discrimination can be eliminated through education and diversification. If it were normal to have a representative and diverse â€Å"melting pot† of opportunities and experiences, there would be no need to practice discrimination. Diversification is good. It makes a community tolerant and compassionate; it makes a secure and exciting place to live. Including all groups in all employment opportunities will ultimately create a better society – the melting pot that Canada so prides its identity in. Affirmative action plans ensure that the work place will contribute to this pride.

Plan of action for Eliazar Gomez Essay Example for Free

Plan of action for Eliazar Gomez Essay Research has shown that shaking babies is the leading cause of infant mortality. In the United States, up to 1,400 children receive medical treatment after being shaken. Twenty-five percent of these die, while a majority of survivors have to cope with a lifelong vision problems and brain injury (First Statewide, undated). Debby Golonka, MPH, writing for BCB Health Guide, in its Web site, expounds that the long-term complications of the shaken baby syndrome may include seizures (uncontrolled muscle movements and unable to speak, see and interact normally), muscle spasticity that results in awkward movements, mental retardation, blindness or vision problems, delays in physical or emotional growth, learning and behavior problems at school. Vincent Palusci, MD adds that damage to an infants immature brain, with little stored information and developed capacities, will impair the brains adaptive abilities. Dr. Palusci cites an example that a child with severe vision-related problems will not learn by observing. Dr. Palusci also says that the development of language, motor coordination and balance will be adversely affected, requiring physical and occupational therapy, using a sensory-rich environment, in order to assist the child acquire the skills. Dr. Palusci also underlines the importance of building the childs ability to be attentive. Dr. Palusci writes that therapists often work on one child to help him focus and further his attention span. Dr.Palusci also says that older kids with SBS may require special education and continued therapy. Plan of Action for Eliazar Gomez From his medical records, it seems that Eliazar may have shaken baby syndrome. Its utterly important to ascertain for sure if he is mentally retarded. It is highly probable that Eliazar has problems with his social skills with fellow students and teachers, and communication skills (just looking at you might indicate that he didnt understand what was being said). His being a busybody might indicate his short attention span. All of which are signs of mental retardation (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). If Eliazar is determined to be mentally-retarded, he will need individualized help. One would need to work with Eliazars parents to come up with an individualized education program for him. Further, the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities writes in its fact sheet that teachers will do well to learn more about mental retardation, and the techniques and strategies one can employ to help mentally-retarded students. One also needs to get more involved by emphasizing the students strengths and interest, being aware of his educational goals. On the instruction side, the fact sheet suggests being as concrete as possible, giving less verbal instructions and doing more demonstrations (show a picture, or other visual aids). Longer tasks also need to be broken down into smaller steps. (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). References 2004. Mental Retardation Fact Sheet. National Dissemination Center for Children withDisabilities. Retreived on 28 March 2008. http://www. nichcy. org/pubs/factshe/fs8txt. htm First statewide shaken baby prevention research project in US. EmaxHealth. Com Retrieved on 28 March 2008. http://www. emaxhealth. com/50/20024. html Golonka, Debby. 2007. Shaken Baby Syndrome. BCB Health Guide. Retrieved on 28 March 2008. http://www. bchealthguide. org/kbase/topic/mini/hw169815/overview. htm Palusci, Vincent J. 2004. Shaken Baby / Shaken Impact Syndrome. http://kidshealth. org/parent/medical/brain/shaken. html.

Nursing Care Plan for Asthma Management

Nursing Care Plan for Asthma Management Implement and monitor using nursing care for clients with chronic health problems PART A Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways. Asthma causes the muscles in the airways to tighten and the lining of the airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous. These changes cause the airways to become narrow, making it difficult to breathe. This may lead to wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. Most people with asthma only have symptoms when they inhale a ‘trigger’ such as pollen, exercise without the right preparation, or if they catch a cold or flu. The triggers and causes for asthma symptoms vary for different people. Some common triggers are: Allergy triggers such as house dust mites, pollens, pets and moulds, wood dust, chemicals Family history of asthma Upper respiratory tract infections Hay fever or eczema Cigarette smoke Viral infections – for example, colds and flu Cold air or changes in the weather Some medicines Exercise Foods to which the child is allergic Typical asthma symptoms include: Coughing Tight feeling in the chest Wheezing – whistling noise when breathing Shortness of breath Struggling to breathe During an asthma attack, people often experience difficulty breathing. This occurs because persons’ airways get swollen and narrower and it becomes a lot harder for air to get in and out of the lungs. Sometimes the swollen airways produce extra mucus, which may clog up the airways of your lungs which makes it even more difficult to breath. It can feel like the person is breathing through a straw. A person with asthma may also wheeze (a whistling sound when he or she Asthma can take a psychological as well as a physical toll on a persons life. Factors that contribute to the psychological effects of asthma include the severity of the illness and the extent to which activities are limited by the disease, the quality of social and family support available, the age at which the disease began the persons knowledge about the illness and the sufferers coping style, skills and overall personality. For most people, it is uncomfortable to have feelings of being different from other family members, friends or classmates. In social situations, people with asthma may feel self-conscious about using an inhaler or having to be careful to avoid triggers that can set off an asthma attack. The desire to fit in can lead people with asthma to ignore their disease or fail to take care of it properly. This is the case with Jason as he prefers not to take his ventolin in front of his classmates as it makes him feel â€Å"different†. This is an issue as he suffers from frequent severe episodes of asthma which requires him to take his medicine appropriately otherwise his health will be jeopardize. Chronic asthma doesn’t just affect the person with the condition, it also affects their family. Major changes in schedules and priorities must be made to manage the family, work and the life of child which can cause great stress. Parents may struggle with taking time off to care for Jason when he is unwell or needs to attend one of his frequent medical appointments. His activities may be limited, and, in many cases, their families must change how they live to accommodate the child. As for Jason, his school and social inclusion may be restricted. He may feel excluded from their school friends if they cannot take part in games, sports and social activities. Because of his chronic illness, Jason will feel different than other children which have caused him to not take his ventolin. If the chronic asthma is not managed properly, Jason’s quality of life will be impacted. The condition can lead to fatigue, underperformance or absence from school due to medical appointments or hospitalisation, psychological problems, including stress, anxiety and depression. PART B Nursing Care Plan (Diagnosis, Planning, Intervention) Diagnoses Goals/Expected Outcomes Intervention Ineffective airway clearance related to airway spasm, secretion retention, amount of mucus. The patient is able to demonstrate deep coughing to assist in clearing the airway. The patient’s airway is patent and free of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths teachings. Patient will verbalize understanding that allergens like dust, fumes, animal fur, pollen, and extremes oftemperature and humidity are irritants or factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance and should be avoided 1. Airway management by freeing the airway through suction, monitoring the chest wall retraction and respiratory rate. 2. Listen to lung sounds monitor oxygen delivery. 3. Assess colour, consistency and amount of sputum. 4. Encourage deep coughing/breathing 5. Educate client on the different factors that can trigger that can cause asthma attacks Ineffective breathing pattern related to chest wall distention, and fatigue due to increased work of breathing. Demonstrates effective coughing and clear breath sounds; is free of cyanosis and dyspnoea. Patients breathing pattern is maintained as evidenced by: eupnoea, normal skin colour, and regular respiratory rate/pattern. Patient will be able to verbalize the understanding of appropriate measures to maintain a patent airway at all times by discharge. 1. Monitor the frequency, rhythm and depth of breathing. 2. Encourage deep coughing/breathing 3. Position the clients chest semi-Fowler position. 4. Distract people from thinking about the state of anxiety and teach how to breathe effectively. 5. Reassure the client and give support when dyspnoea. Activity intolerance Patient will demonstrate skill in conserving energy while carrying out activities of daily living (ADLs). Patient will have no shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue on exertion. Report/demonstrate a measurable increase in tolerance to activity 1. Energy management by determining the causes of fatigue, monitoring respiratory (respiration, dyspnoea, pallor) 2. Monitor response of breathing during activity; assess abnormal response in respiration, blood pressure, pulse. 3. Evaluate patient’s response to activity. 4.Help clients choose the activities that can be done 5. Explain importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity for balancing activities with rest. d) Evaluation Ineffective airway clearance related to airway spasm, secretion retention, amount of mucus Once all nursing intervention actions have taken place, the nurse completes an evaluation to determine of the goals for patient wellness have been met. Goals/Expected Outcomes Evaluation The patient’s airway is patent and free of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths teachings. You will need to access the airway manually and note any obstructions. If patient requires suction, re-access the airway and listen to lung sounds to see whether it is clear or not. Note any breathing sounds such as wheezing as this could indicate an obstruction. You will also need to monitor the chest wall retraction and respiratory rate. Assess and evaluate changes in vital signs and temperature routinely as per require. Tachycardia and hypertension may be related to increased work of breathing. Fever may develop in response to retained secretions/atelectasis. Note presence of sputum; assess quality, colour, amount, odour, and consistency. May be a result of infection, bronchitis, chronic smoking, and others. A sign of infection is discoloured sputum (no longer clear or white); an odour may be present. The patient is able to demonstrate deep coughing to assist in clearing the airway. Assess cough for effectiveness and productivity note the technique and the position of the patient. Patient should be sitting up right to promote full expansion of the thorax. Consider possible causes for ineffective cough: respiratory muscle fatigue, severe bronchospasm, thick secretions, and others. Patient will verbalize understanding that allergens like dust, fumes, animal fur, pollen, and extremes oftemperature and humidity are irritants or factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance and should be avoided Ask the patient to provide examples of allergens that can irritate the airways and factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance. If the patient is unable to state the factors, the nurse will need to educate and provide appropriate information. Patient education will vary depending on the information stated as well as the patients cognitive level. Client Education Asthma self-management education is essential to the control of asthma and should be encouraged to all patients to take responsibility for his or her own care. If asthma symptoms are controlled, the patient should have fewer exacerbations, a higher quality of life, lower costs, slower progression of airway from inflammation, less morbidity, and lower risk of death from asthma. Patient asthma education can also improve beyond symptom control, such as patient knowledge about asthma and patient satisfaction and feeling of self-control. Other benefits include reduced school absences or work days, fewer exacerbations, restrictions on activities, and emergency-department visits. The burden of living with asthma can also result in depression and anxiety for the patient and/or family, and these psychological changes can compromise asthma control. Children will asthma are likely to feel embarrassed of their condition and may suffer low self-esteem. If the parent’s stress, social isolation, or anxiety increases, the likelihood of poor asthma control in the child increases. However with proper education, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, isolation and anxiety can also be managed. Parents can help an asthmatic child avoid embarrassment by asking the school teacher and/or counsellor to support and encourage the child. Having a school nurse, teacher or outside educator talk to the students in the class about asthma can also be quite helpful. The more informed the children are about the illness, the less likely they will be to tease a child with asthma. One other way for people with asthma to feel less anxious is to educate others about it. They can empower themselves by becoming an expert in the illness. When they share information with family members, friends, fellow students and co-workers, everyone benefits and becomes more understanding about what its like to live with asthma. Community Resources available Asthma Australia Asthma Australia and member Foundations deliver high quality support to people with asthma and their careers. They offer support, training and resources to the primary health care sector and when treatment is required they ensure patients and their careers have the skills, information and power to be actively engaged in the decision making process. http://www.asthmaaustralia.org.au/Children_and_asthma.aspx National Asthma Council Australia To improve the quality of life and health outcomes of people with asthma and their careers, reduce the social and economic impact of asthma on the community and reduce the prevalence of asthma in the Australian community http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/ The Asthma Foundation of Victoria (Support Group) Provide services to help people manage their Asthma and provide the whole Victorian community with an excellent service based on asthma advice, information and programs http://www.asthma.org.au/ The Australian Lung Foundation (Victorian Support Groups) To provide caring, support and information for those with lung disease/s and for their careers and families. http://www.lungnet.com.au/

tupac :: essays research papers

You are here: Home > Free Papers Search For Papers... --->BiographiesBusinessLiteratureHealthHistoryMythologyPhilosophyPoliticsPsychologyReligionSciencesSocial IssuesTechnology----------------Custom Papers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tupak Shakur / Tupac Shakur (a.k.a. 2pac) DOB: June 16, 1971 – Brooklyn, NY DOD: September 13, 1996 – Las Vegas, NY Height: 5’10 Weight: 168 Mother: Afeni Shakur Father: William Garland Step Father: Jeral Wayne Williams Half Sister: Sekyiwa Shakur Half Brother: Maurice Harding Godfather: Elmar â€Å"Geronimo† Pratt Music Group: One Nation Emcees, Two From The Crew, Strictly Dope, Digital Underground, Thug Life, Outlaw Immortalz/ Outlawz Aliases: MC New York, 2pac, Makeveli Martial Status: Divorced (Keisha Morris) & Engaged (Kidida) What does it take to be an icon of the 21st century? An icon is a symbol representing what a person did to be admired by many people and achieved many things rarely an ordinary person can do. I would consider Tupac to be an icon of the 21st century because he became a living symbol of his generations to many hip-hop and rap fans all over the world. He was the son of Afeni Shakur and Billy Garland. At his teens, his family moved to Baltimore, MD. He attended The Baltimore School for the Performing Arts and studied acting and ballet. At this school, the teachers had an impression of Tupac that he had an outstanding potential. Unfortunately, he had to move to Oakland, CA with his family and that was when he began to, as Tupac called it, â€Å"Hang with the wrong crowd.† As a true icon of the 21st century, Tupac had many great qualities and was very humble because he grew up in the poorest part of the city and he knew the feeling of being poor. After all of his success he never in any way try to flaunt about his wealth and that he showed strength not by money but by the words he sang and wrote. Tupac Shakur can be characterized as a rapper, an actor and a great personality. One of the greatest aspects that create Tupac is his great talent of being a great rapper. Baltimore was the city where Tupac really began getting into the art of emceeing. In Baltimore, at the age of fourteen, Tupac was known as MC New York. In California, he joined the rap group Digital Underground to learn the ropes of the hip-hop industry, and became the dancer for the crew. A year later, Tupac finally recorded a song with Digital Underground called, â€Å"Same Song.† Not long before the group received award-winning success, Tupac came out with his own album called, â€Å"2pacalypse Now†, which was also a success.

Eight Artists Address Brown v. Board of Education Essay -- Art Exhibit

Eight Artists Address Brown v. Board of Education It was a cloudy Saturday afternoon, when I, accompanied by a friend, went to Krannert Art Museum for the first time to see the social studies exhibition in relation to Brown v. Board of Education. Fifty years ago, the Supreme Court unanimously outlawed racial segregation in public school system. Although the decision is widely considered a major step towards a more equitable and integrated educational system, it did not fix all the racial problems in school system. Today, at the fiftieth anniversary of the High Court ruling, eight Americans artists share their works with the public at the Art Museum, both to commemorate Brown v. Board of Education and to ask the American public to reflect on the current existing racial problems in education. We walked in through the main entrance and were immediately greeted by the museum keeper, an old man with long gray hair, who wanted to make sure that every visitor put his/her bags in the deposit lockers, a ritual that most other museums practice. Krannert was small ? it was as big as a typical Outback Steak House. Yet for all its size, it had a wide array of collections ranging from ancient Chinese pottery in the Shang dynasty to oil paintings in Renaissance to contemporary art photographs. One has to give credits to the curator, who manages to put together neatly in this small building items so different in their geographical and chronological backgrounds. We were enticed by the paintings, sculptures, and some artistic works from oriental cultures. Staring at the ancient Chinese artifacts, we could not help wondering what they had gone through before ending up in an American university art museum... ...the museum keeper interrupted. With ripples of thoughts still lingering in our minds, we left the museum. My friend and I were impressed. For my part, I seldom went to see an art exhibition and had little experience of visual art appreciation. Still, the works of the artists were enough to temporarily desensitize my idea of time, clear my other thoughts and plans, and allow me to commit myself fully to finding as much as possible the meaning so often promised in the seemingly simple yet beautiful pieces of modern art. Art exhibitions may not have the same potent power of a talk or a march in informing people of the latest social problems or pushing for a social movement. After all, artistic works time and again demand personal reflections rather than call for immediate actions. In view of its reflection-provoking nature, this exhibition, to me, was successful.

High performance work system :: essays research papers

High performance work system entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regardless of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational performance. A high performance work system would consist 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance management. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compensation and benefits. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Career development. Employee training is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and making decision regarding any particular problems. Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Baba’s operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative. Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category. However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits; they are employee’s tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value. High performance work system :: essays research papers High performance work system entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regardless of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational performance. A high performance work system would consist 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance management. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compensation and benefits. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Career development. Employee training is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and making decision regarding any particular problems. Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Baba’s operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative. Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category. However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits; they are employee’s tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value.

Why I Want to Be a Teacher

Why I Like To Be a Teacher Teaching is a unique profession. It takes a lot of commitment, dedication, patience and above all, love for the act of helping others learn. Being a teacher is one of the noblest and most gratifying professions , no matter how difficult the road is. Undoubtedly, it is hard to deal with students, their behaviors, personal problems, difficult ages and even with their parents that sometimes do not support the teachers, and last but not least, the educational system itself. No matter how complicated your life can turn when you are a teacher, from a personal standpoint, I can say teaching pays off. I love to teach and I used to be a math teacher for many years. This subject is hardly ever the students’ favorite. Math is really tough, needs some logical reasoning, students’ focus in class and some study hours after class. Do all the students love all this? I bet. On the other hand, when a teacher teaches a not very likeable subject like math, you are not very likeable either. I personally think teaching Math is always a challenge but I have faced it with enormous pleasure. Being a teacher is gratifying. It feeds your spirit and fills your soul. It’s great to have the recognition of your students and a warm hug when you run into them after many years. You will not probably remember their names and pretend you do, but they will for sure remember yours. When you hear they are engineers, doctors, nurses, mechanics; whatever profession or occupation they mention, you feel very proud to know that you have contributed to build their futures. Your eyes shine with emotion. It is absolutely uplifting to be a teacher. Many teachers have had professional crises in which they get exhausted, bored, anxious or think teaching is a waste of time and thoughts of abandoning their classrooms invade them at times. I have not met a single teacher who has not been through these emotional feelings. Some reconsider and overcome this, others leave for good and regret it eventually. Even those who leave the teaching profession treasure very pleasant memories of heir times at school with their students and talk about it with love and enthusiasm. Fact is that teaching is tough, it is a rose full of thorns, but it is, without a doubt, a wonderful profession. Teaching is a profession that makes you always feel young at heart, no matter how old you are. The students’ energy, enthusiasm, their young spirit is as contagious as the worst of the viruses. When you are a teacher you become a friend, a counselor, a parent, an extraordinary human being. I know it is painstaking to be a teacher, it gives you no spare time to watch TV when you have to mark students’ essays. You go home with a pile of books to read for next class. Teaching is sometimes regarded as a way of living and not a profession. It is overlooked and underestimated. Despite all this, I consider being a teacher is a very honorable profession. I can say teaching is worthwhile. Bibliography> just personal experience Why I Want to be a Teacher I believe that everyone, one way or another, has progressed to where they are in life because they had a teacher. A teacher by definition is someone who provides educational instruction and communicates lifelong lessons. However, I see teachers beyond that common definition. Teachers have the opportunity to shed light on topics not commonly found in text books, to teach skills that students can use in real life, and to inspire students to overcome their adversities.But why become a teacher when you can become a doctor? Or a lawyer? I asked myself these same questions prior to joining the education program at the University of Guam. I found great intrinsic value of teaching by being able to inspire students to help others and to provide equal opportunities for those children who are considered â€Å"at risk†. I also found great extrinsic value in teaching because it provides a great work schedule and I am able to travel the world because education is rooted in every country. I did not want to become a teacher my first semester of college atThe University of Guam. I had my mind set on becoming a therapist because I felt that the main reasons why people kill other people or why kids end up in juvenile prison is due to the fact that they have an underlying stressor that causes them to act up. I wanted to help rid the world of angry and depressed people and help them begin their healing process so that they can become contributing members to the society. However, after two semesters I realized that all these problems could be solved if people were well educated and knowledgeable of the opportunities around them.I saw that schools were the perfect institution to influence children on becoming positive and active members of society. I want to be able to inspire students to engage in solidarity so that they can help those around them. I want to teach my students that they are more alike than different and to be able to recognize the problems that stem from our s ociety’s culture. There are also those students who are plagued by racial or financial setbacks regardless of how hard they try to succeed. I want to be able to reach out to those students and help them continue their education. I have seen so many classmates of mine who were overlooked because they were not the smartest in the class and those students ended up dropping out or getting into drugs.I want to be able to put more emphasis on the students who are  falling behind so that students feel more comfortable with being at school and prevent students from dropping out. Being a teacher requires that you give up a lot of your time and patience in hopes that your students succeed in life. Seeing your students become doctors, lawyers, or maybe even the president of the United States can be very rewarding even though teachers rarely gain recognition for their students’ accomplishments. However, teachers are rewarded not just intrinsically but extrinsically. One extrinsi c reason for why I want to become a teacher is because I get a great work schedule.Teachers get the weekends off, not to mention the summer and winter breaks as well. Being a student I was accustomed to having a summer break to recuperate and to prepare for the next semester and becoming a teacher I was able to keep the same lifestyle and still able to go back to my job when the school year started. Becoming a teacher was very appealing to me because I had a desire to join the Peace Corps upon graduating college and there are opportunities for teachers to travel around the world and teach in different countries, especially the third world countries. I loved to travel and help others and becoming a teacher gave me the means necessary to do both. In conclusion, I know becoming a teacher will be difficult but the rewards are more abundant than the costs.I hope to inspire students to reach out to others and to be able to recognize the problems that stem from our society’s culture . I would also love to see those students who are â€Å"at risk† succeeding to their fullest potential. I would love give back those privileges to those who are not as fortunate and travel the world spreading the love of learning in all parts of the world.

“Organizations need strong leaders and a strong culture” Essay

In this screen, I am release to critic altogethery analyze the splendour self-colored speckers coupled with a strong refinement has within organic laws. In doing so, the argument is built up of some(prenominal) contextual layers defining the signifi assce that to a great extent immersed cultivations along with well driven draws has on the operational and fundamental fundamental inter achievemental executions of an organization just nigh signifi tin cantly its employees. save first and fore close, it is conceptualized that billet Bureaucratic c be practices shape the cordial government of individual value and beliefs, ultimately depending on which heathen enrichment worry give adopt. Further more(prenominal), the wickedness of position containers whitethorn survey may inflict adversarial repercussions upon the cultural role model trackd by the organization. Therefore this initiates a pass sequence of employees ch eachenging De Facto force-out by en gaging in managerial discourses, which disinherit against cultural structures, causing class-conscious movement.Whilst, securely substantiating that strong glossinesss lead by strong leaders build the inner mechanistic military operation of an organization, by dint of prohibited this essay, in Section 1 I shall illustrate the importance of locate Bureaucratic mechanisms and the internal traffichips they have with glossiness and leadership.Moreover in Section 2, I exit onslaught to expose how male monarch is used as a possession, or else than a traffichip between citizenry. Lastly, in hunting lodge to logically complete my argument, I entrust define how foeman is seen to be a re supple process whereby raft embedded in fountain relations expeditiously oppose initiatives enacted by others (Jermier et all 199490)Section 1It is desired that having such a widely divided integrative acculturation in organizations is often take c areed as a panacea for counsel and a rule for corporeal winner (Peter and Waterman 1982) In relation to this put inment, a good socialisation coupled with a intuitive leader will merely exercise out a positive regime of truth, that will undoubtedly allow the emergence of a culturallandscape to ensure conformity is consistent to all who lead to the organization. In order to achieve such an ambition, organizations embrace chain mail Bureaucratic mechanisms, which are depict as a set of prescriptive checks that stress the importance of socialization, enculturation and realisation with social club objectives. (Josserand, Villesche, & Bardon 2012)However the most press point to highlight is the fact that Post Bureaucratic mechanisms heavy entail the inter-group communication of cultural promotion, which further aims to propel culture onto center stage. Ultimately, this operator that for people to knead within both given backcloth they inwrought have a go on sense of what the reality surrounding them is or so (Pettigrew 1979) Herein, this tells us that culture provides a kickoff of organisational uncouth sense, upon which members generate to when deciding where, when and how to act. ( cleg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011)Therefore social interaction must be conceived as the negotiation of essence, which inevitably formulates and continues the growth and extension of leadership abilities and culture amongst members of an organization. Moreover social interaction may too be characterized as an organization of instrumental relations, outcomeing in the formula of various relations or kinships amongst not hardly members of an organization provided also identification in a corporate alumni net contribute.Hence, repetitive symbolic activities are skeletal upon by organizations to maintain the stability of the social system, which has a fundamental obligation to realise and recreate the system. (Rosen 1988) Making involve reference work to Michel Rosens journal article Yo u asked for it Christmas at the Bosses Expense, the use of ceremonies and rites, being the Christmas companionship encompasses a latent function, which directly aims to enable a state of partial interruption of normal structure relationships in which culture emerges as an organizing principle vestigial authorisation membership.Lastly, disrespect Post Bureaucratic mechanisms promoting an industrious culture, more importantly it imbues humanistic values of autonomy, flexibility, confidence and cartel that ultimately guard the intent to urge employees to take on responsibilities (Josserand, Villesche, & Bardon 2012)However, it should be undoubtedly emphasized that managers must inhibit the appropriate leadership qualities that will enable themselves and employeesto share a park relationship, in turn directly allowing them to operate on and frame their subjectivity in order to range wholeness some others relevancies. Subsequently this is achieved through leaders identifying culture, as an asset to form a paternalistic relation with their employees, as such can be debated to ignite a enviable urge to be apart of the corporation the organization instills.Furthermore it should be accentuated that the bridle-path Goal Theory of leadership, is pressing to a supremacyful relationship between employer and employee. It is renowned as the physiological and technical incarnate that managers provide as leaders, which ultimately intends to spark employees by helping them understand that their demand and expectations can be fulfilled through the performance of their jobs. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011)Section 2In todays business realm the sociological manipulation of role has the ability to perpetuate a substantial impact on the interrelationship and operational processes of an organization. In support of this statement, it is master(a) to treat military force as a property of abstract systems, as its complexities must not just be exactly manage d but also more importantly understood.Therefore it is consume that the conception of supply has the capability to make or bruise an organization as Giddens concludes that the view of indicator is logically tied to that of action, and in its widest sense, power refers simply to the transformative capacity of human action. (Knights & Roberts 1982) Given this fact, we are able to argue that power has the fortitude to develop, refine or revolutionize an organizational landscape. Accordingly it is preponderating that power should be treated and nevertheless applied amongst the confinements of a relationship, rather than unplowed as a possession to an individual. It is this underlying complexity that sparks much conjecture end-to-end organizations and cultural foundations.Specifically, when power is treated as a possession the direct result is that of the ignition of conflict, which can be envisioned as a threatening misfortune that has the ascendency to topple even the most successful organizations end-to-end the world. Firstly it is important to point that theindividualistic conception of power is concealed within managers in which it is defined as the way that resources of ownership and control are employed in attempt to coerce labor into compliance. (Knights & Roberts 1982)This is formally cognise as powerful power, which is understood to be the power someone has over another, ultimately meaning the denial or remotion of individual choice. Furthermore coercion requires the active submission of one person to another (Russ 19807-11) as such a impression gifts the aptitude to administer alarming repercussions throughout an organizations culture. This is largely due to the fact that tinct attempts at coercion may lead to more or overt forms of protection (Russ 19807-11), a discomforting scenario that will not solo cause a severe flinch against the leadership circle, but also hold the likely to eclipse the current operational success of the bu siness.Essentially, due to the low trust dynamics, a regressive curl of try control and counter control (Fox 1974) will further impede disconfirmingly on the business, ultimately throwing the culture into an unhealthy state of affair and the leadership hub at guess of being overthrown.In addition, another essential point to mention is the affiliation the notion of mainstream culture has with coercive power. As say above, the sociological treatment of power has the potential to inflict adversarial effects if not efficaciously managed by administrators of an organization. Alternatively, culture is believed to create symmetry and reduce conflict. However coercive authorisation, contradicts the view of mainstream culture, as it arguably does the total opposite.If it is believed that if organizational structures, strategies, regulations and policies frame the behavioral intents of employees, then members who belong to a hierarchy dominated by coercive power, will not only reject t o be consistent with comp either norms but also increase conflict. This is back up by the belief that culture brings people together it ensures they all think alike, impression and act in relatively standardised shipway. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011)Similarly, also by correlating coercive power with mainstream cultures, it highlights the inadequate and defective leadership attributes it promotes. heathen engineering is undertaken by senior management and disseminateddownward causing a spiral effect. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Therefore culture can be interpreted as a management lever, a means of ensuring organizational goals are instilled and accepted by its members through the allurement of its culture. (Brewis 2007) Essentially, to make leadership effective, a leader must undertake in authoritative power, which is a more true-to-life(prenominal) understanding of interdependence in organizations (Knights & Roberts 1982)What this means is that a mutual recognition o f employer employee relations is dual-lane, causing members to accept the advice and direction of others rather than opposing. A unique feature of the relationship is that authority cannot be imposed nor possessed, but exists only as a calibre of the relationship. (Knights & Roberts 1982) However mutual manipulation may occur when someone attempts to elevate their power above the mutual trust, therefore implying it is imperative to maintain the reciprocal of rights. Lastly this has an overtake influence on the culture, as all participants obtain a sense of authority and belonging.Section 3With regard to coercive power, and the debilitated ramifications it inflicts on an organizations cultural arrangement, it can be condoned to believe that members will engage in more overt forms of resistance. Essentially, what this points out is the creativity of employees resisting increase control of the labor processed by management (Prasad and Prasad 2000).Therefore resistance can be directly associated with defective leadership, as even though management believe they hold the right to produce the policies that they want, it doesnt mean its members will agree. Given these facts, work groups use resistance to induce what they want, the indispensible adjustments ineluctable for relatively smooth and everyday carrying into action in the workshop. (Courpasson, Dany & Clegg 2011) More importantly, despite the act of resistance producing a common interest in opposition to management, it concurrently results in more resistance (Burawoy 1982), clearing professing the viral empowerment it professes amongst members of an organization.Hence, this approach shot conceptualizes resistance as an irreducible opposition between members and management, clearly endangering the foundations of any cultural environment inhibited byan organization. hint upon the previous paragraph, resistance is a direct result of the enmeshment of exploitative relations (Courpasson, Dany & Clegg 2011). More importantly, this allures members to engage in managerial discourses, which operate against the cultural and ideological controls that frame, a company (Thomas 2009) and craft new identities, which scrap De facto cater (Ewick and Silbey 2003).Ultimately this causes dysfunctional freeze of an organization, a direct cause of members combat-ready in distancing themselves from the companys ambitions and requisites until switch has transpired. Nevertheless this can be seen to pull in the organization as a whole, as employees now have the capacity to bow their desires. In relation to culture, it is imperative that members concerns are meant in order to achieve best business success therefore managers assay to secure compliance through merging employees sentiments and desires.Subsequently, it is vital for cultures to obtain means values and presuppositions that are widely shared and acted on (Peter and Waterman 1982), however by managers thriving on the elevation of power and exploitation, it only contradicts what a good culture should be about by going against group norms.Drawing closely to theorists ideas, it is believed that if you spoilt a strong culture that hold back all organizational members in shared beliefs and commitments everything else good, morale, performance and results should follow(Peter and Waterman 1982), clearly exposing the importance of effective and understanding leadership. Lastly, it should be accentuated that improvement in productivity and flavor would accrue when corporate cultures systematically align individuals with formal organizational goals (Peter and Waterman 1982), but arguably wont be reached if members are continually constrained by the corporation. general with all of the above being discussed, one could conclude that Human skill is a pre requisite of what a strong leader should acquire. An approved culture will only occur if everyone is integrated into one managerially designed structure and the result, a s uperior performance. However this iscan be deemed only come-at-able if leadership has the ability to work with people, meaning to be sensitive to the needs and motivations of others, and winning into account other needs in ones decision making (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) a clear contrary to what coercive power achieves. However, it could be argued that such leaders enjoy the hierarchal separation between themselves and lower aim employees, as the process to both lead and yet also work aboard them is an ongoing struggle.ConclusionIn summation, I have come to the conclusion that it is inevitable for an organization to parade operational success without some sort of formulation of a strong culture espoused with strong leadership. despite Post Bureaucratic management practices geological formation the construction of individual values and beliefs, I believe it is imperative for the leadership hub of any organization to be effectively assured of the on going relationship its shares with its members. For any organization to achieve corporate success the notion of culture should be heavily identified and all components that it contains must be exercised accordingly.Ultimately, if managements leadership qualities are deemed to be strong, the culture constructed must comprise a set of deep, basic assumptions and beliefs as well as shared values, which will enable members to hold a sense of not only identity but also more importantly provide them with heterogeneous ways of making decisions. Therefore bringing my essay to a close, it should not be forgone that an organization requires a strong culture and strong leadership.Reference ListArticles1. Burawoy, M. 2001. Donald Roy Sociologist and working stiff. present-day(a) Sociol. 30(5) 453-458 2. Courpasson, D., Dany, F. and Clegg, S. (2011) Resisters at Work Generating Productive immunity in the Workplace,Organization Science, Articles in dismiss 119. 3. Ewick, P., S. Rayner, eds. (2003) Narrating social structure Stories of resistance to legal authority. Amer. J. Social. 108(6) 1328-1372. 4. Fox, A. (1974) Beyond Contract work, power and trust relationships. London Faber 5. Josserand, E., Villesche, F.Bardon, T., (2012) Being an active member of a corporate alumni meshing a critical appraisal, pp. 31-55 6. Knights, D. and Roberts, J. (1982) The power of organisation or the organisation of power? transcription Studies, 3(1) 47-63 7. Prasad, P. A. Prasad. (2000) Stretching the iron cage The constitution and implications of routine workplace resistance. Organ. Sci. 11(4) 387 403 8. Russ, V., (1980) Positive and negative power thoughts of the dialectics of power, Organizational studies 1/13-20 9. Rosen, M. (1988) You asked for it Christmas at the bosses expense, Journal of Management Studies, 25(5) 463-480. Books1. Brewis, J. (2007) horticulture in Knights, D. and Willmott, H. (eds), Introducing Organizational Behaviour Management, Australia Thompson 344-374. 2. Clegg, S., Kornbe rger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing & Organisations An entree to Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition, London, Sage (Chapter 6), pp. 224 3. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing & Organisations An basis to Theory and Practice, London, Sage (Chapter 4), pp. 133 4. Jermier, J. M., D. Knights, W. R. Nord, eds (1994) Power in organzations. Routledge, New York.5. Thomas, R. (2009) Critical management studies on identity Mapping the terrain. M. Alvesson, T. Bridgman, H. Willmott eds. The Oxford vade mecum of Critical management studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 166-186 6. Peter, T. J., & Waterman, R.H. (1982) In face for excellence Lessons from Americas best-run companies. Warner Book, New York.